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A pressure point (Chinese: ; Japanese: ' "vital point, tender spot";〔Andrew Nathaniel Nelson, ''The Original Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary'', Tuttle Publishing, 2004, p.399. ()〕 Sinhala: ''Nila/Marma Sthana'' (in Angampora); Telugu: ''Marma Sthanam''; Malayalam: ''marmam''; Tamil: ''varmam'') derives from the meridian points in Traditional Chinese Medicine, and in the field of martial arts, and refers to an area on the human body that may produce significant pain or other effects when manipulated in a specific manner. The concept of pressure points is present in old school Japanese martial arts; in a 1942 article in the ''Shin Budo magazine'', Takuma Hisa asserted the existence of a tradition attributing the first development of pressure-point attacks to Shinra Saburō Minamoto no Yoshimitsu (1045–1127).〔It is also called Internal point. Takuma Hisa Sensei, Shin Budo magazine, November 1942. republished as "Yoshimitsu () dissected corpses brought back from wars in order to explore human anatomy and mastered a decisive counter-technique as well as discovering lethal atemi. Yoshimitsu then mastered a technique for killing with a single blow. Through such great efforts, he mastered the essence of aiki and discovered the secret techniques of Aiki Budo. Therefore, Yoshimitsu is the person who is credited with being the founder of the original school of Daito-ryu."〕 Hancock and Higashi (1905) published a book which pointed out a number of vital points in Japanese martial arts.〔Hancock, H. Irving and Higashi, Katsukuma, ''The complete Kano Jiu-Jitsu (Judo)'', New York, G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1905.〕 Accounts of pressure-point fighting appeared in Chinese Wuxia fiction novels and became known by the name of Dim Mak, or "Death Touch", in western popular culture in the 1960s. While it is undisputed that there are sensitive points on the human body where even comparatively weak pressure may induce significant pain or serious injury, the association of ''kyūsho'' with notions of Death is controversial.〔Felix Mann: "...acupuncture points are no more real than the black spots that a drunkard sees in front of his eyes." (Mann F. Reinventing Acupuncture: A New Concept of Ancient Medicine. Butterworth Heinemann, London, 1996,14.), quoted by Matthew Bauer in ''(Chinese Medicine Times )'', vol 1 issue 4, Aug. 2006, "The Final Days of Traditional Beliefs? - Part One"〕 == Types == There are several types of pressure points — each is applied differently and each creates a different effect. "Pain points", for example, use tendons, ligaments, and muscles; the goal is to temporarily immobilize the target, or, at the very least, to distract them. "Reflex points" produce involuntary movements, for example, causing the hand to release its grip, the knees to buckle, the target to gag, or even for the person to be knocked unconscious.〔(Types of pressure points used in martial arts from Pressthepoint.com )〕 Most pressure points are located on pathways on the nervous system. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「pressure point」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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